Philippines
Asia · South-Eastern Asia
Recreational spearfishing is generally permitted in the Philippines as a breath-hold (freediving) activity in open coastal waters that are not protected, but it is heavily restricted. National law does not name 'spearfishing' explicitly; instead it is regulated through the Philippine Fisheries Code (RA 8550, as amended by RA 10654) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (DA AO No. 10, s. 2015), local government unit (LGU) ordinances and marine-protected-area declarations. A spear/speargun is treated by fisheries authorities as 'active gear' (a device 'characterized by the pursuit of the target species'); Sec. 95 makes it unlawful to fish in municipal waters and bays using active gears, so LGUs may ban or zone recreational spearfishing in their municipal waters. Methods that 'require diving ... to entrap, gather or catch fish' and destroy coral reefs/seagrass are prohibited under Sec. 97 (Muro-ami and similar methods). Fishing of any kind, including spearfishing, is unlawful inside declared marine protected areas, fishery reserves, refuges and sanctuaries (Sec. 101). The use of an air compressor (or scuba/'hookah') as a breathing apparatus to spear or gather fish is banned by provincial and municipal ordinances nationwide (e.g. Pangasinan Provincial Ordinance No. 107-2003; Maribojoc, Bohol Municipal Ordinance No. 546, which prohibits 'Pamana using Compressor'); the Fisheries Code itself does not name compressor/scuba verbatim but the Coast Guard enforces compressor fishing as banned 'active gear'. Night fishing with high-intensity 'superlights' in municipal waters is also unlawful (Sec. 98). Certain rare/threatened/endangered species (CITES Appendix I and IUCN-listed, e.g. humphead/Napoleon wrasse, sea turtles, giant clams) may not be taken (Sec. 102; RA 9147). There is no national recreational spearfishing licence; rules are highly local, so the practical legality depends on the specific municipality and site.
Senast uppdaterad juni 23, 2026
Styrande regelverk
- §Republic Act No. 8550 — The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
- §Republic Act No. 10654 (2015) — An Act to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, amending RA 8550
- §Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654 (DA Administrative Order No. 10, s. 2015)
- §Republic Act No. 9147 (2001) — Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (protected marine wildlife)
- §Republic Act No. 10067 — Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Act of 2009
- §Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160) — basis for municipal/LGU fisheries ordinances and municipal-water jurisdiction
- Dyk med tub
- Förbjudet
- Utlänningar
- Välkomna
Lagen, ordagrant
Lagtexter
De exakta författnings- och regleringsbestämmelser som styr harpunfiske här, citerade som de publicerats, med en länk till varje officiell källa.
Unauthorized Fishing
Republic Act No. 10654 (amending RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998)
It shall be unlawful for any person to capture or gather or to cause the capture or gathering of fish, fry or fingerlings of any fishery species or fishery products without license or permit from the Department or LGU.
Use of Superlights (night fishing with high-intensity lights)
Republic Act No. 10654 (amending RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998)
It shall be unlawful to engage in fishing with the use of superlight in municipal waters, or to fish with fishing light attractor using candlelight power or intensity beyond the standards set by the Department in consultation with the LGUs for fishing in municipal waters, or in violation of the rules promulgated by the Department for fishing with the use of superlight or fishing light attractor outside municipal waters.
Fishing in Marine Protected Areas, fishery reserves, refuge and sanctuaries
Republic Act No. 10654 (amending RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998)
It shall be unlawful to fish in marine protected areas, fishery reserves, refuge, or fish sanctuaries as declared by the Department or the LGUs.
Definition of Active Fishing Gear
Republic Act No. 10654 (amending RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998)
Active fishing gear is a fishing device characterized by the pursuit of the target species by towing, pushing the gears, surrounding, covering, dredging, and scaring the target species to impoundments; such as, but not limited to, trawl, purse seines, Danish seines, paaling and drift gill net.
Definition of Passive Fishing Gear
Republic Act No. 10654 (amending RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998)
Passive fishing gear is characterized by the absence of pursuit of the target species; such as, but not limited to, hook and line, fishpots, traps and gill nets set across the path of the fish.
Ban on the use of explosives, noxious or poisonous substances
Republic Act No. 10654 (amending RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998)
It shall be unlawful for any person to catch, take or gather or cause to be caught, taken or gathered fish or any fishery species in Philippine waters with the use of explosives, noxious or poisonous substance such as sodium cyanide...
Use of Active Gear in Municipal Waters, Bays and Other Fishery Management Areas
Republic Act No. 8550 as amended by Republic Act No. 10654 (Philippine Fisheries Code), Implementing Rules and Regulations (DA Administrative Order No. 10, s. 2015)
It shall be unlawful to engage in fishing in municipal waters and in all bays as well as other fishery management areas using active fishing gears as defined in this Code.
Ban on Muro-ami, Other Methods and Gear Destructive to Coral Reefs and Other Marine Habitat (methods requiring diving)
Republic Act No. 8550 as amended by Republic Act No. 10654 (Philippine Fisheries Code), Implementing Rules and Regulations (DA Administrative Order No. 10, s. 2015)
It shall be unlawful for any person, natural or juridical, to fish with gear or method that destroys coral reefs, seagrass beds, and other fishery marine life habitat as may be determined by the Department. 'Muro-ami' and any of its variation, and such similar gears and methods that require diving, other physical or mechanical acts to pound the coral reefs and other habitat to entrap, gather or catch fish and other fishery species are also prohibited.
Fishing or Taking of Rare, Threatened or Endangered Species
Republic Act No. 10654 (amending RA 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998)
It shall be unlawful to fish or take, catch, gather, sell, purchase, possess, transport, export, forward or ship out aquatic species listed in Appendix I of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), or those categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) as threatened and determined by the Department as such.
Prohibited fishing gears — 'Pamana using Compressor' (spearfishing with a compressor) banned in municipal waters
Municipal Ordinance No. 546, Series of 1992 (Maribojoc, Bohol)
[Sec. 3, illegal-gear definitions:] Pamana using Compressor – a method of fishing which uses 'pana' compressor and intoxicated sprays. [Sec. 3:] The Municipality of Maribojoc defines the following fishing gears as illegal and hereby prohibit its used in the Municipal Seawaters of Maribojoc, Bohol. [The enumerated illegal gears include 'Pamana using Compressor'; 'pana' is the local term for a spear/speargun, so spearfishing assisted by an air compressor is prohibited.]
Ban on the use of a compressor as a breathing apparatus in all fishing activities
Provincial Ordinance No. 107-2003 (Province of Pangasinan)
It shall be unlawful for any individual who is engaged in fishing activities to use or cause to be used a compressor as a breathing apparatus. [Article III defines 'Fishing Activities' as the taking of fishery species from their wild state or habitat with or without the use of fishing vessel or boat; OCR of the official scanned PDF, minor scan artefacts cleaned in brackets.]
När du får dyka
Säsonger & tidsbegränsningar
Fredningstider, öppna och begränsade perioder över året. Bekräfta alltid artspecifika fredningar lokalt.
Inga säsongsfredningar registrerade — kontrollera lokalt innan du dyker.
Tillstånd att fiska
Licens
Vad du behöver för att få vara i vattnet, vad det kostar och hur du skaffar det.
Where required, permits/registration are handled at the municipal/city LGU level or by BFAR. Recreational divers should check with the local LGU or barangay before spearfishing.
Skaffa din licensÖppnar den officiella portalen · bfar.da.gov.ph
- Typ
- No dedicated national recreational spearfishing licence. Sec. 86 makes it unlawful to capture fish without a license or permit from the Department (BFAR) or the LGU, but in practice recreational spearfishers are not required to register or obtain a license; LGUs may impose local permit/zone requirements.
- Kostnad
- unknown
- Giltighet
- unknown
- Hur du skaffar den
- Where required, permits/registration are handled at the municipal/city LGU level or by BFAR. Recreational divers should check with the local LGU or barangay before spearfishing.
- Myndighet
- Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) / Local Government Units (LGUs)
Utrustning & teknik
Utrustningsregler
Vilken utrustning som är tillåten, hur den får användas och vilka villkor som gäller.
Restriktioner
- Compressor- and scuba-assisted spearing/gathering of fish is banned by provincial and municipal ordinances across the country: e.g. Pangasinan Provincial Ordinance No. 107-2003 makes it 'unlawful for any individual who is engaged in fishing activities to use or cause to be used a compressor as a breathing apparatus', and Maribojoc (Bohol) Municipal Ordinance No. 546 (1992) lists 'Pamana using Compressor' (spear/'pana' fishing with a compressor) as a prohibited illegal fishing gear. Note: the national Fisheries Code (RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654) and its IRR do not name 'compressor', 'scuba' or 'spearfishing' verbatim; the compressor-as-breathing-apparatus ban is an LGU-level rule (and enforced nationally as 'active gear' under Sec. 95 by the Coast Guard).
- Spear/speargun is treated by fisheries authorities as 'active gear' (a device characterized by pursuit of the target species); under Sec. 95 of the Fisheries Code it is unlawful to engage in fishing in municipal waters and bays using active fishing gears, and LGUs may ban or zone recreational spearguns in municipal waters.
- Methods that 'require diving ... to entrap, gather or catch fish' and that destroy coral reefs/seagrass are prohibited under Sec. 97 (Muro-ami and similar methods) — the closest national provision touching diving-based fish capture.
- Use of high-intensity 'superlights' for night fishing in municipal waters is unlawful (Sec. 98).
- Some LGUs ban spearguns while allowing only traditional hand-held spears; rules vary by municipality.
National law does not explicitly regulate spearguns or scuba/compressor spearfishing by name. The dominant constraints are: spear/speargun treated as 'active gear' (Sec. 95) so prohibited in municipal waters; no methods requiring diving that destroy coral (Sec. 97 Muro-ami); no fishing in MPAs/sanctuaries (Sec. 101); no superlights in municipal waters (Sec. 98); plus LGU ordinances that expressly ban using a compressor as a breathing apparatus / 'pamana using compressor' (e.g. Pangasinan PO 107-2003, Maribojoc MO 546). scuba_allowed=false reflects these LGU compressor/scuba-fishing bans rather than a single named national clause.
Vad du får ta
Fångstbegränsningar & skyddade arter
Dagliga kvoter, minimimått och arter som aldrig får tas.
Daglig gräns
unknown (no national recreational bag limit located; LGU ordinances may set local limits)
Skyddade arter — får inte tas
- SkyddadHumphead / Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) — protected; CITES Appendix II; capture/sale/export restricted
- SkyddadSea turtles (all marine turtles) — protected under RA 9147 (Wildlife Act)
- SkyddadGiant clams (Tridacna spp.) — protected
- SkyddadWhale shark and manta rays — protected (take/trade prohibited)
- SkyddadCorals — gathering, possession, sale or export prohibited under the Fisheries Code
Rare, threatened or endangered species listed in CITES Appendix I or IUCN-listed and determined by the Department may not be fished, taken, gathered, sold, possessed or transported (Sec. 102, RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654); other protected marine wildlife is covered by RA 9147. Trade and consumption are prohibited without special permits from BFAR or DENR. Coral gathering, possession, sale or export is separately banned under Sec. 96 (Ban on Coral Exploitation and Exportation) of the Fisheries Code.
Vem som får fiska
Besökare & bofasta
Hur reglerna skiljer sig för utländska besökare och lokalt bofasta.
Utländska besökare
TillåtetKrav
- Same rules as residents: no fishing in marine protected areas/sanctuaries, no scuba/compressor-assisted spearing, comply with local LGU ordinances.
- Tourists may generally bring and use spearfishing gear for freediving in non-protected open coastal areas, but should confirm locally whether a site is a sanctuary, since many are unmarked.
Restriktioner
- Foreign nationals are restricted from commercial fishing / utilization of Philippine fishery resources; recreational, non-commercial breath-hold spearfishing in permitted areas is the relevant activity.
- Marine protected areas are off-limits to everyone.
Secondary dive-industry sources indicate tourists can freedive-spearfish in open, non-sanctuary waters, but must avoid MPAs and respect local ordinances. No specific national foreigner spearfishing permit was located.
Bofasta
No dedicated recreational spearfishing licence at national level; municipal/city LGU rules apply.
Krav
- Comply with municipal/LGU fisheries ordinances and any local spearfishing zones.
- Avoid all declared MPAs, reserves, refuges and sanctuaries.
- Do not use scuba/compressor or superlights.
Förmåner
- Municipal fisherfolk and their organizations have preferential rights to fish within municipal waters under the Fisheries Code.
Local commercial/livelihood spearfishing by municipal fisherfolk is governed by LGU ordinances; preferential access to municipal waters is reserved for registered municipal fisherfolk.
Var på kusten
Tillåtna & förbjudna zoner
Namngivna områden som är öppna för eller stängda för harpunfiske. Se hela bilden på den interaktiva kartan.
Förbjudna områden
- Tubbataha Reefs Natural Parknational marine park / UNESCO World Heritage no-take zone
UNESCO World Heritage marine park in the Sulu Sea (Cagayancillo, Palawan), covering approx. 97,030 hectares including the North and South Atolls and Jessie Beazley Reef. It is a strict 'no-take' zone: no fishing or exploitation of any kind (including spearfishing) is permitted. Protected as a marine protected area under the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Act of 2009 (RA 10067) and under Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code.
- Declared marine protected areas, fishery reserves, refuges and fish sanctuaries (nationwide)marine protected areas / sanctuaries (general, nationwide)
All marine protected areas, fishery reserves, refuges and fish sanctuaries declared by BFAR/the Department or by LGUs are closed to fishing, including spearfishing, under Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code (RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654). Hundreds of small LGU-declared MPAs exist along Philippine coasts; many are not signposted, so divers must verify locally.
- Apo Reef Natural Parknational marine park / no-take zone
The 34 km2 Apo Reef in the Mindoro Strait (Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro) is the second-largest contiguous coral reef system in the world and the Philippines' second-largest no-take zone after Tubbataha. Declared a Natural Park by Presidential Proclamation 868 (1996); the PAMB declared a full No-Take-Zone Policy in 2007 (PAMB Resolution No. 005 / Ordinance No. 001, S. 2007), completely banning fishing, collecting and harvesting of any marine life - including spearfishing - within the protected area (reinforced by Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Apo Island Marine Sanctuarymarine reserve / no-take sanctuary
Volcanic island ~7 km off the southeastern tip of Negros (barangay of Dauin, Negros Oriental). One of the world's most famous community-organized marine sanctuaries, established 1982 with a no-take reserve along its southeast coast. The marine reserve is protected under the NIPAS Act and managed by a Protected Area Management Board; fishing of any kind (including spearfishing) is prohibited inside the no-take sanctuary.
- Sumilon Island Marine Sanctuarymarine reserve / no-take sanctuary
Small island (~24 ha) off Oslob, Cebu, in the Cebu/Bohol Strait. Designated in 1974, it was the first marine protected area / no-take marine sanctuary established in the Philippines (under Silliman University Marine Reserve). Fishing is restricted/prohibited within the sanctuary to preserve marine life; spearfishing is therefore not permitted in the no-take zone (reinforced by Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Gilutongan (Hilutungan) Marine Sanctuarymarine sanctuary
Community-managed no-take fish sanctuary along the western edge of Gilutongan Island (Bgy. Gilutongan, Municipality of Cordova, Cebu), in the Cebu/Olango group. One of the Philippines' best-studied 'urban' MPAs, established by municipal ordinance in 1991 (Cordova Municipal Ordinance No. 008), originally ~10 ha and expanded to ~15 ha in 1999. Inside the sanctuary all fishing is prohibited (no-take); spearfishing is therefore not allowed, reinforced by Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code (unlawful to fish in declared sanctuaries).
- Pescador Island Marine Park and Fish Sanctuarymarine sanctuary
Small limestone island ~4 km west of Panagsama Beach, Moalboal, Cebu, in the Tañon Strait, famous for the Cathedral/Cave wall dives and the Moalboal sardine run. Declared a marine park and fish sanctuary in 1990 by the Sangguniang Bayan (municipal council) of Moalboal; managed as a no-take marine sanctuary with entrance/user fees funding patrols and enforcement against destructive fishing. Fishing (including spearfishing) is prohibited within the sanctuary (Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Balicasag Island Fish Sanctuarymarine sanctuary
Almost perfectly round island ~6.5 km southwest of Panglao, Bohol, one of the Visayas' premier dive destinations (turtles, jacks, barracuda). Protected as the Balicasag Island Fish Sanctuary, with roots in Silliman University's Marine Conservation Development Program (1985-86); buoy-marked no-take zones ring the island's reef, and fishing (including spearfishing) is prohibited inside the sanctuary (Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Pamilacan Island Fish Sanctuarymarine sanctuary
Small island off Baclayon, Bohol, within the Bohol Marine Triangle, historically a whaling/manta village turned eco-tourism and conservation site. The Pamilacan Island Fish Sanctuary (established 1986, ~11.9 ha) lies on the north-western side of the island; fishing (including spearfishing) is prohibited inside the no-take sanctuary (Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Danjugan Island Marine Reserve and Sanctuariesmarine sanctuary
Limestone island ~3 km off Bulata, Cauayan, Negros Occidental, managed by the Philippine Reef and Rainforest Conservation Foundation, Inc. (PRRCFI) as a wildlife and marine reserve with three no-take fish sanctuaries around its reef, established in 2000 by Cauayan Municipal Ordinance 99-52. Once a heavily over-fished area, protected since the 1990s; fishing is prohibited in the reserve's no-take zones, so spearfishing is not allowed (Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Twin Rocks Marine Sanctuary (Mabini/Anilao)marine sanctuary
One of three no-fishing marine sanctuaries (with Cathedral Rock and Arthur's Rock) created within the Mabini Marine Reserve by municipal ordinance in 1991, along the southwest-facing tip of Mabini (Bgys. Bagalangit and San Teodoro), Batangas, in the Verde Island Passage — the heart of the Anilao dive scene. Twin Rocks (15.3 ha) is a declared no-take zone; fishing (including spearfishing) is prohibited, though non-destructive fishing is allowed elsewhere in the reserve.
- Siete Pecados Marine Parkmarine sanctuary
Cluster of seven small rocky islets off Coron town, Palawan, in the Calamianes Islands MPA network. Established in 2005 (with USAID support) to protect coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves from overfishing; it contains a strictly enforced no-take zone and is a 2024 Blue Park awardee of the Marine Conservation Institute. Fishing (including spearfishing) is prohibited in the no-take marine park (Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Gato Island Marine Reserve (Sea Snake and Fish Sanctuary)marine sanctuary
Rocky islet in the Visayan Sea between Malapascua and Carnaza, Municipality of Daanbantayan, Cebu, famous for its tunnel/cave dives, whitetip reef sharks and sea kraits. Daanbantayan declared the island a sea snake and fish sanctuary in 1997, re-enacted in 2001 to include the 2-nautical-mile periphery. Fishing (including spearfishing) is prohibited within the sanctuary (Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Napantao Fish Sanctuarymarine sanctuary
Community-based marine protected area at Napantao, San Francisco, Southern Leyte, on the west coast of Panaon Island facing Sogod Bay — one of the oldest MPAs in Sogod Bay, established 1996 (~5 ha), long a survey site of Coral Cay Conservation. It is a no-take fish sanctuary with a wall reef of high coral cover; fishing (including spearfishing) is prohibited inside the sanctuary (Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
- Carbin Reef Fish Sanctuary (Sagay Marine Reserve)marine sanctuary
Carbin Reef is a ~200-hectare no-take fish sanctuary with an iconic tongue-shaped sandbar inside the 32,000-ha Sagay Marine Reserve, Sagay City, Negros Occidental — the country's largest marine reserve. Carbin Reef was designated a fish sanctuary by municipal ordinance in the early 1980s; the wider reserve was declared a Protected Seascape under the NIPAS Act (Presidential Proclamation 592). Fishing (including spearfishing) is prohibited in the Carbin Reef no-take sanctuary (Sec. 101 of the Fisheries Code).
Förhållanden på vattnet
Liveförhållanden
Ögonblicksbild i realtid av marina förhållanden och väder nära en kustreferenspunkt i Philippines, från Open-Meteo. Förhållandena varierar längs kusten — betrakta som vägledande.
Marina förhållanden & väder i realtid nära Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park.
Vem du ska fråga
Myndigheter
De officiella organ som ansvarar för fiske och licensiering.
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Department of Agriculture
fisheries authority
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) — Biodiversity Management Bureau
environment ministry (protected wildlife and protected areas)
Tubbataha Management Office (TMO)
marine protected area management authority
Local Government Units (municipalities/cities)
local fisheries regulators (municipal waters and MPAs)
Var detta kommer från
Källor
Varje påstående på denna sida går att spåra tillbaka till en av dessa referenser.
- [01]
Republic Act No. 10654 (2015) — amending the Philippine Fisheries Code (RA 8550), full text
Officielllawphil.netHämtad jun 15 - [02]
Republic Act No. 10654 — Supreme Court E-Library
Officiellelibrary.judiciary.gov.phHämtad jun 15 - [03]
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8550 — The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (BFAR official PDF)
Officiellbfar.da.gov.phHämtad jun 15 - [04]
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park — UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Officiellwhc.unesco.orgHämtad jun 15 - [05]
Republic Act No. 9147 — Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (Official Gazette)
Officiellofficialgazette.gov.phHämtad jun 15 - [06]
Environmental Implications of Spearfishing in the Philippines — CCEF / Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation
Sekundärcoast.phHämtad jun 15 - [07]
Is Spearfishing Legal in the Philippines? — Lancaster Scuba
Sekundärlancasterscuba.comHämtad jun 15 - [08]
Naga City, Cebu — Ordinance No. 2010-003 banning use of compressor as breathing apparatus in fishing activities
Officiellcityofnagacebu.gov.phHämtad jun 15 - [09]
Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654 (DA Administrative Order No. 10, s. 2015) — BFAR official PDF
Officiellncr.bfar.da.gov.phHämtad jun 23 - [10]
RA 8550 — Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, Chapter VI (Prohibitions and Penalties), BFAR official PDF
Officiellbfar.da.gov.phHämtad jun 23 - [11]
Maribojoc, Bohol — Municipal Ordinance No. 546, Series of 1992 (banning illegal fishing gears incl. 'Pamana using Compressor')
Officiellmaribojoc.gov.phHämtad jun 23 - [12]
Province of Pangasinan — Provincial Ordinance No. 107-2003 (banning use of compressor as breathing apparatus in all fishing activities), official PDF
Officiellpangasinan.gov.phHämtad jun 23
Forskaranteckningar
Spearfishing is not named explicitly in Philippine national statute; legality is inferred from the Fisheries Code (RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654), its IRR (DA AO No. 10, s. 2015), LGU ordinances and MPA declarations. Verbatim law texts were retrieved and confirmed against PRIMARY sources: Sec. 86 (Unauthorized Fishing), Sec. 92 (explosives/poisons), Sec. 98 (Superlights) and Sec. 101 (MPAs) from the official lawphil.net text of RA 10654; Sec. 95 (Use of Active Gear in Municipal Waters) and Sec. 97(a) (Muro-ami / methods requiring diving) from the BFAR official IRR PDF (DA AO 10/2015); Sec. 102 (rare/threatened/endangered species) from lawphil.net RA 10654; the active/passive gear definitions cross-checked against both lawphil and the IRR; and the original RA 8550 Chapter VI verbatim text cross-checked from the BFAR official PDF (which renumbered to the Sec. 95/97/101/102 cited here). Section numbers reflect RA 10654's renumbering of RA 8550. The compressor/scuba-spearfishing ban is LGU-level: quoted verbatim from the Maribojoc (Bohol) Municipal Ordinance No. 546 (1992) clean official text ('Pamana using Compressor') and the Pangasinan Provincial Ordinance No. 107-2003 official PDF (Article IV: 'It shall be unlawful ... to use ... a compressor as a breathing apparatus'; the PDF is a scan, OCR cleaned and flagged in-bracket). The national Code/IRR do not name 'scuba', 'compressor' or 'spearfishing' verbatim — an honest finding; enforcement treats compressor fishing as banned 'active gear' (Sec. 95). The Naga City (Cebu) compressor ordinance PDF was located but is a corrupted scan, so its operative text is cited as a source rather than quoted verbatim. No national recreational catch/size limits or open/closed spearfishing seasons were located (seasons left empty); LGU-level limits exist but were not retrievable as verbatim spearfishing-specific provisions. Confidence is high: the core rules (speargun-as-active-gear municipal ban, MPA ban, methods-requiring-diving ban, prohibited methods, protected species, and the LGU compressor/scuba-spear ban) are now verbatim from primary law; residual variability is at the individual-municipality level.
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