Wake Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument (Wake Island unit)

Wake Atoll lies 2,138 nautical miles west of Honolulu and is an active U.S. Air Force installation as well as a refuge that "includes 495,515 acres of submerged lands and waters surrounding Wake Atoll out to 12 nautical miles from the mean low water line of the islands". Two authorities must be satisfied and both are closed to visitors: the Department of Defense continues to administer the island itself (Proclamation 8336, as amended by Proclamation 10918: "The Secretary of Defense shall continue to manage Wake Island and Johnston Atoll as specified in Proclamation 8336"), and the Fish and Wildlife Service states the refuge "is not accessible to the general public. Refuge access is solely managed through the issuance of a Special Use Permit when the activity is deemed compatible and appropriate with the purposes of refuge establishment." Proclamation 9173 extended the monument around Wake to the EEZ limit. Non-commercial fishing is prohibited in the monument except under a NOAA permit (50 CFR 665.933(b)) and prohibited within 12 nautical miles of emergent land unless the Fish and Wildlife Service authorises it (50 CFR 665.934(d)); no such authorisation for recreational spearfishing has been published. Spearfishing is prohibited.