Santuario Nacional Los Manglares de Tumbes (Tumbes Mangroves National Sanctuary)

National Sanctuary (Santuario Nacional) of 2,972 ha (marine/estuarine portion ~680 ha) in Zarumilla province, Tumbes, created 2 March 1988 by Decreto Supremo N° 018-88-AG, protecting the Gulf of Guayaquil mangrove ecosystem on the Peru-Ecuador frontier. Under Art. 21 of Ley N° 26834 (Ley de Áreas Naturales Protegidas), Santuarios Nacionales are legally classified as 'áreas de uso indirecto', where verbatim 'no se permite la extracción de recursos naturales' (extraction of natural resources is not permitted) except non-manipulative scientific research, recreation and tourism in designated zones - a stricter, no-extraction regime than the 'uso directo' Reservas Nacionales elsewhere on this list. This bars spearfishing/pesca submarina inside the sanctuary; long-standing artisanal black-clam (concha negra) gathering by registered local extractors continues under a separate, specifically authorized community program.